Alternatives to L-dopa for initial treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) should be considered for patients younger than 65-70 years. Nonmotor symptoms are very common in PD and include ...

However, L-dopa can also cause mild to severe side ... and decrease both mental and physical fatigue. They are often used to ...

Previous studies in a rat model of Parkinson disease (PD) have shown that dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA—a treatment-limiting adverse effect of long-term administration—is caused by the release ...