Liquid-level control, however, has characteristics distinctly different from those of the previous loops. Some of the differences are these: Liquid level is usually a non-self-regulating (integrating) ...

If the flow controller is standalone, then its SP is adjusted by the operator (or an APC controller) to achieve a higher-level control objective. At the same time, the flow controller is a true ...

Figure 4 depicts the portion of the water treatment plant experiencing problems. The vessel treating the oily water had frequent high- and low-level alarms, and the overall reliability of the system ...